January 10: historical facts and curiosities

On January 10, 1920, the Treaty of Versailles officially came into effect, formally establishing the League of Nations. Founded after World War I, its primary mission was to promote world peace through collective security, disarmament, and resolving international disputes via negotiation and arbitration. Though ultimately succeeded by the United Nations, it represented a pivotal early step in global diplomatic cooperation.

On January 10, 1863, the Metropolitan Railway, commonly known as the London Underground, opened to the public. This pioneering line ran between Paddington and Farringdon Street, becoming the world's first underground railway. Its success led to the expansion of underground networks globally, transforming urban transportation and facilitating city growth. Initially powered by steam locomotives, the "Tube" faced challenges like smoke and ventilation, but its innovation laid the groundwork for modern subway systems worldwide.